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A propiska () was both a residency permit and a migration-recording tool - in the Russian Empire before 1917 and in the Soviet Union from the 1930s. Literally, the word ''propiska'' means "inscription", alluding to the inscription in a state internal passport permitting a person to reside in a given place. For a state or third-party owned property, propiska meant a person was included in the rental contract associated with a dwelling. Propiska was documented in local police (Militsiya) registers and certified with a stamp in internal passports. Residing anywhere without a permit was prohibited. In the USSR, there were both permanent (''прописка по месту жительства'' or ''постоянная прописка'') and temporary (''временная прописка'') propiskas. A third type, the business propiska (''служебная прописка''), was an intermediate type, permitting a person and family to live in an apartment built by an economic entity (factory, ministry) as long as the person worked for the owner of the housing (similar to inclusion of house rent into a labour contract). In the transition period to the market economy, the ''permanent propiska'' in municipal apartments was one factor leading to the emergence of private property rights during privatization (those who built housing at their own expense obtained a ''permanent propiska'' there by definition). ==Etymology and history== The Russian verb "propisat" () is formed by adding the prefix "''про~''" ("pro~") to the verb "''писа́ть''" ("to scribe, to write"). Here this prefix emphasizes the completion of the action, which supposes permission (like in , "let ()" – "yield (way )") or other related formal action (like in , "give" – "sell"). Originally, the noun ''propiska'' meant the clerical procedure of ''registration'', of enrolling the person (writing his or her name) into the police records of the local population (or writing down the police permission into the person's identification document - see below). Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary describes this procedure as "''to enrol'' (document ) ''in a book and stamp it''". Page 20 of the internal passport of the Russian Empire (see illustration) was entitled: ("Space for registration of ''vid''s by police"). Five blank pages (20 to 24) were gradually filled with stamps with the residential address written in. It allowed a person to reside in his/her relevant locality. Article 61 of the Regulations adopted on February 7, 1897 (see p. 18–19 of the passport) imposed a fine for those found outside the administrative unit (as a rule, uezd) in which they were registered to live. As a clerical term, the noun ''vid'' (; literally, "view") is short for . Although translated into English as a "residential ''permit''", in Russian, this combination of words also conveys a presence of the ''right'' of a resident to live somewhere. In the sense of a "() right" the word ''vid'' also appears in the ("planning to gain husband's rights with her"). Among many explanations of "''вид''", Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary indicates a "certificate of any kind for free passage, travel and living", mentioning "passport" as its synonym. Propiska stamps (handwritten texts as an exception) in the passports of the Russian Empire used one of two verbs to describe the civil act committed: (''to present'' or ''to claim''). Their non-reflexive form (no postfix "''~ся''") clearly rules out the binding of this act to the owner of the document so it is not the person who appeared (''presented'' himself) in a police department but the passport itself. Vladimir Dahl mentions both verbs in his description of "propiska" procedure as related to passport.〔 Presenting a passport to the officer implied the claim of a person to stay at a designated location. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Propiska in the Soviet Union」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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